Understanding Scaled Scores on Standardized Tests

Understanding Scaled Scores on Standardized Tests Scaled scores are a kind of test score. They are usually utilized by testing organizations that regulate high stakes tests, for example, confirmations, affirmation and licensure tests. Scaled scores are additionally utilized for K-12 Common Core testing and different tests that survey understudy aptitudes and assess learning progress. Crude Scores versus Scaled Scores The initial step to understanding scaled scores is to figure out how they vary from crude scores. A crude score speaks to the quantity of test addresses you answer effectively. For instance, if a test has 100 inquiries, and you get 80 of them right, your crude score is 80. Your percent-right score, which is a kind of crude score, is 80%, and your evaluation is a B-. A scaled score is a crude score that has been balanced and changed over to a normalized scale. In the event that your crude score is 80 (since you got 80 out of 100 inquiries right), that score is balanced and changed over into a scaled score. Crude scores can be changed over straightly or nonlinearly. Scaled Score Example The ACT is a case of a test that utilizes direct change to change over crude scores to scaled scores. The accompanying discussion outline shows how crude scores from each segment of the ACT are changed into scaled scores.â Crude Score English Crude Score Math Crude Score Reading Crude Score Science Scaled Score 75 60 40 40 36 72-74 58-59 39 39 35 71 57 38 38 34 70 55-56 37 37 33 68-69 54 35-36 - 32 67 52-53 34 36 31 66 50-51 33 35 30 65 48-49 32 34 29 63-64 45-47 31 33 28 62 43-44 30 32 27 60-61 40-42 29 30-31 26 58-59 38-39 28 28-29 25 56-57 36-37 27 26-27 24 53-55 34-35 25-26 24-25 23 51-52 32-33 24 22-23 22 48-50 30-31 22-23 21 21 45-47 29 21 19-20 20 43-44 27-28 19-20 17-18 19 41-42 24-26 18 16 18 39-40 21-23 17 14-15 17 36-38 17-20 15-16 13 16 32-35 13-16 14 12 15 29-31 11-12 12-13 11 14 27-28 8-10 11 10 13 25-26 7 9-10 9 12 23-24 5-6 8 8 11 20-22 4 6-7 7 10 18-19 - - 5-6 9 15-17 3 5 - 8 12-14 - 4 4 7 10-11 2 3 3 6 8-9 - - 2 5 6-7 1 2 - 4 4-5 - - 1 3 2-3 - 1 - 2 0-1 0 0 0 1 Source: ACT.org The Equating Process The scaling procedure makes a base scale that fills in as a kind of perspective for another procedure known as likening. The comparing procedure is important to represent contrasts between various forms of a similar test. Despite the fact that test creators attempt to keep the trouble level of a test the equivalent starting with one form then onto the next, contrasts are unavoidable. Likening permits the test creator to measurably modify scores so the normal execution on rendition one of the test is equivalent to average execution on adaptation two of the test, form three of the test, etc. Subsequent to experiencing both scaling and likening, scaled scores ought to be tradable and effectively equivalent regardless of which adaptation of the test was taken.â Likening Example Lets take a gander at a guide to perceive how the likening procedure can affect scaled scores on state sanctioned tests. Imagine that state you and a companion are taking the SAT. You will both be taking the test at a similar test community, yet you will be stepping through the examination in January, and your companion will be stepping through the exam in February. You have diverse testing dates, and there is no assurance that you will both take a similar rendition of the SAT. You may see one type of the test, while your companion sees another. Albeit the two tests have comparable substance, the inquiries are not actually the equivalent. Subsequent to taking the SAT, you and your companion get together and look at your outcomes. You both got a crude score of 50 on the math area, yet your scaled score is 710 and your companions scaled score is 700. Your buddy considers what occurred since both of you got a similar number of inquiries right. In any case, the clarification is really basic; you each took an alternate rendition of the test, and your form was more troublesome than his. To get the equivalent scaled score on the SAT, he would have expected to respond to a bigger number of inquiries accurately than you. Test creators that utilization a likening procedure utilize an alternate recipe to make an interesting scale for every rendition of the test. This implies there is nobody crude to-scale-score change outline that can be utilized for each variant of the test. That is the reason, in our past model, a crude score of 50 was changed over into 710 on one day and 700 on one more day. Remember this as you are taking practice tests and utilizing transformation outlines to change your crude score into a scaled score. Reason for Scaled Scores Crude scores are unquestionably simpler to compute than scaled scores. Yet, testing organizations need to ensure that grades can be decently and precisely thought about regardless of whether test takers take various forms, or structures, of the test on various dates. Scaled scores take into consideration precise examinations and guarantee that individuals who stepped through an increasingly troublesome exam are not punished, and individuals who stepped through a less troublesome examination are not given an uncalled for advantage.

Free Essays on Western Influence is Eroding Tradition Chinese Value

As China’s passage into the WTO since 2001, it appears to be bit by bit evident that the blackout, the crash, the blend and improvement between Chinese customary worth and the bringing in western social worth has gotten across the country perceived. Gone up against with the tremendously coming western culture and item these days, my point is that, we Chinese are having a sort of demeanor that joined with in part acknowledgment, somewhat refusal and in part advancement. Right off the bat, we are NOT taking the â€Å"whole-refusing† origination. China is an antiquated nation with a background marked by over 5000 years. In view of some verifiable and geological explanation, just as the long-standing impressive considerable and profound property, China has a Confucian customary social worth framework, in light of the idea of the â€Å"Great Union†, which has down from tradition to line, from age to age for a huge number of years. This sort of run of the mill Confucian worth has been to a great extent evaporated into before the finish of Chinese ruler time, by the by, it’s still profoundly established in our belief system and virtue framework these days, in some degree, has a significant impact by means of the course of our tolerant toward the western culture. Henceforth, and besides, we are persevering through the disintegration of the western social effect compellingly. My point is that, we are to treat the differ sway from two perspectives, the side of positive and negative, I mean. As the part of positive impact, concerning the western Scientism and Rationalism, the Humanism and humanistic writing, the neoteric thought of Democracy and Nomocracy, the propelled Modernism, and the continuable-developmnet technique and some more, we are to hugely acknowledge and oversee, with the extraordinary certainty and liberality of our special identity of our country possessed. Contemplating while crash, sublimating while affected, improving while syncretized, this is the correct route to these focal points that we can acknowledge. Also, we ... Free Essays on Western Influence is Eroding Tradition Chinese Value Free Essays on Western Influence is Eroding Tradition Chinese Value As China’s section into the WTO since 2001, it appears to be bit by bit clear that the blackout, the crash, the blend and advancement between Chinese customary worth and the bringing in western social worth has gotten across the nation perceived. Stood up to with the hugely coming western culture and item these days, my point is that, we Chinese are having a sort of demeanor that joined with somewhat acknowledgment, mostly refusal and halfway turn of events. Right off the bat, we are NOT taking the â€Å"whole-refusing† origination. China is an antiquated nation with a past filled with over 5000 years. On account of some recorded and land reason, just as the long-standing fantastic generous and profound property, China has a Confucian conventional social worth framework, in light of the idea of the â€Å"Great Union†, which has down from tradition to line, from age to age for a huge number of years. This sort of commonplace Confucian worth has been to a great extent evaporated into before the finish of Chinese ruler time, all things considered, it’s still profoundly established in our philosophy and virtue framework these days, in some degree, has a significant impact by means of the course of our tolerant toward the western culture. Subsequently, and also, we are persevering through the disintegration of the western social effect overwhelmingly. My point is that, we are to treat the change sway from two viewpoints, the side of positive and negative, I mean. As the part of positive impact, concerning the western Scientism and Rationalism, the Humanism and humanistic writing, the neoteric thought of Democracy and Nomocracy, the propelled Modernism, and the continuable-developmnet system and some more, we are to colossally acknowledge and oversee, with the extraordinary certainty and liberality of our special identity of our country claimed. Contemplating while crash, sublimating while affected, upgrading while syncretized, this is the correct route to these points of interest that we can acknowledge. Moreover, we ...

The Filipino Christmas: A Reflection of One’s Tradition

Christmas is something other than a festival; for most Filipino-Christians it is a method of inviting the happening to their deliverer Jesus Christ. Being in a nation were catholic is predominant, church assumes a major job with regards to Christmas, for the nine first lights before Christmas they have something many refer to as Simbang Gabi where they go to mass for the nine mornings paving the way to Christmas. I think it is accepted that on the off chance that you go to all the majority, you can make a desire. Since it was extremely promptly in the first part of the day and somewhat nippy Filipinos typically search for something warm to eat and there are merchants selling food, for example, Puto Bumbong and Bibingka. Simbang Gabi is perpetually a piece of the Filipino Christmas which is particular from different nations who additionally observes Christmas.Another convention is the gathering and for youthful Filipinos, it is when most smiles are seen, guardians are more averse to a dmonish them, school works don't give an excess of weight in light of the fact that there’s none, confections and chocolates fill their stomachs, and ninangs and ninongs fnally show up with their endearing presents or aguinaldos, best dresses are worn and new shoes spoil their feet. For the old ones, this is when â€Å"thank you† turns into a typical statement, sweat shirts and long sleeves which were kept in the most profound piece of the storage room are at last worn, and companions, both old and new, at long last meet for the longest time.Living in a spot who has various customs during Christmas has gave me something totally different despite the fact that we don’t commend it, I figured out how to be grateful for the family that I have around me during Christmas and I discovered that accepting isn't all that matters, it is in every case better to give.

Tips For Using College Essay Samples About Yourself

<h1>Tips For Using College Essay Samples About Yourself</h1><p>There are numerous school article tests about yourself accessible on the web. In this article, we will feature five hints to assist you with beginning with these important resources.</p><p></p><p>Make sure the school paper tests about yourself that you pick contain normal, ordinary language. It isn't sufficient to pick one example and stick with it. You have to peruse a few of them to ensure that the creator utilizes regular jargon and tone.</p><p></p><p>Make sure the models that you use to have your own voice and style. Your own voice and style ought to be obvious to you and not in the least like an impersonation of another person. The more well known a specific example is, the more probable it is that there will be numerous imitations.</p><p></p><p>In request to figure out how to compose expositions about yourself, you should likew ise peruse article tests about yourself in all the parts of the essayist. You ought to have the option to perceive what individual contemplations, realities, and sentiments about a specific writer may fuse in his composition. On the off chance that you are not satisfactory with regards to how a writer joins these components, at that point you presumably can't compose just as he does.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you ought to do before you download any school article tests about yourself is to concentrate a portion of the models that you like the best. This will give you a smart thought of how the creator introduces himself and permits you to know where you can improve. You ought to likewise look at a similar model from each creator and see which creator utilizes a one of a kind voice. In the event that one writer is more latent than the other writer, at that point you ought to figure out how to be increasingly aloof as well.</p><p></p>& lt;p>There are some school exposition tests about yourself that you should maintain a strategic distance from. These models are most likely composed by copyright infringers and won't be useful to you. Regardless of whether the creator has real models accessible, written falsification is a genuine offense that you ought to stay away from. Stay away from any examples that are written in an obscure or conniving style or manner.</p><p></p><p>Do not ever attempt to counterfeit from the school article tests about yourself. Doing so will bring about having your work precluded and will think about gravely your composing aptitudes. You could even be dependent upon a substantial fine, which will eventually imply that you will be not able to take your courses.</p><p></p><p>Writing can be an incredible method to communicate, however just in the event that you realize how to do it well. By following the tips plot above, you will have the option to guarantee that you write in a style that others will appreciate reading.</p>

Merchant of Venice - Writing an Essay on Composers

<h1>Merchant of Venice - Writing an Essay on Composers</h1><p>If you are composing a school article on Venetian music, make certain to remember data for three fundamental subjects in Venetian writing: Eugene Onegin, the Five Famous Magician Brothers, the Venetian Opera, and the Composers. With this data, you will have a thorough survey of Venetian literature.</p><p></p><p>When composing a Venetian exposition, remember that the subject is an account of the author, Ercole Bouchat. The arranger concentrated in France. Other than his works, he had a splendid symphony. He was likewise keen on getting some answers concerning the distinctive composers.</p><p></p><p>The e-text of any Venetian exposition will seem to be like an account. An expert author can modify the e-text in a manner that is one of a kind to an understudy's close to home information.</p><p></p><p>Learning increasingly about the writer is an incredible method to acquaint the understudy with his works. Simultaneously, it will empower the understudy to distinguish what his identity is, the manner by which he moves toward his making profession, and what his viewpoint is on the specialty of writing.</p><p></p><p>When composing a school exposition on the Composers, you can compose a short true to life sketch of the arrangers. The Essay Topics will help offer the understudy the chance to list the arrangers and to put them arranged by quality, from best to worst.</p><p></p><p>One of the incredible interests of composing an exposition on the Composers is to recount to an account of how the craftsman's life changes through the span of the melodic vocation. After the understudy records the authors, he will come to expound on how they impacted the arranger in their own composition. During this whole procedure, the understudy will build up a closer relationship with the Compose r.</p><p></p><p>When composing a school paper on the Composers, the Essay Topics should concentrate on the writers' musings about their music. You will likewise need to concentrate on the job of the writer plays in the arrangement of the new arranger. All in all, it is a smart thought to furnish the understudy with the chance to make a topic that will give them the help that they need.</p>

Essay Writing Process

<h1>Essay Writing Process</h1><p>If you are composing an ACT article, at that point it's not just about assembling the realities and proceeding onward. It likewise should be tended to quickly.</p><p></p><p>People who compose their own papers ought to have a decent memory, solid handle of language and have undivided attention abilities. The genuine stunt is to figure out how to convey what you have in your mind. Much the same as composing an article for some other test, in the event that you don't have a clue how to utilize the correct pieces of your psyche, you're squandering your time.</p><p></p><p>The procedure of paper composing is done in three phases: first, the framework, next, the exploration lastly, the right structure of the exposition. In the principal stage, the layout must be made. This encourages the author to arrange for what they need to state and to get the significant subtleties out. At the point when this is done, the examination ought to be done to distinguish what is really being canvassed in the essay.</p><p></p><p>This should be possible by first getting some answers concerning the individual's general objectives. There are the individuals who want to incorporate the paper subject, a short rundown of the significant purposes of the article. In the event that this is incorporated, it will give the author an away from of what they are attempting to accomplish, what they have to do and the manner in which they expect to do it.</p><p></p><p>Once this exploration procedure is done, the essayist needs to check whether there is something different that is missing or is indistinct. To start with, they should be sure if the subject is intriguing or pertinent to the individual. With this data, the paper author can push ahead and verify that they don't skip whatever is expected to finish the assignment. The exact opposite thing they have to do is to ensure that the data that they should work with is as of now before them.</p><p></p><p>The plot, at that point, is the instrument that can push journalists to effectively monitor the principle subjects of the article. This causes them to sort out their musings and figure out how to assemble everything as they compose the exposition. Keep in mind, the structure should coordinate the organization of the article. All the exploration will be talked about with regards to this subject matter.</p><p></p><p>Research ought to be done cautiously and ought to be explicit. This will assist with ensuring that it will work inside the principles of the paper. There are a few analysts who put everything on the line to guarantee that the substance doesn't struggle with the point. In the event that the subject of the paper is general, the article author may need to return and discover cites from master sources which can bolster the point the y are attempting to make.</p><p></p><p>And recall, to be fruitful, you should have the option to coordinate the essential standards into the exposition. There is no reason for getting an exhausting, worn out exposition on the off chance that it won't do what you had planned. Research is vital to getting the ideal essay.</p>

Finding the Best Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics

<h1> Finding the Best Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics </h1> <p>Naturally, every understudy can pick from a wide determination of themes. He ought to be relied upon to spend at any rate one semester abroad to advance resilience. At the point when most understudies simply chase for the most notable books and writers inside the field, you may utilize various ways. As far as the difficult arrangement paper models, undergrads may see them on the web. </p> <h2>Want to Know More About Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics? </h2> <p>You can likewise utilize your individual experience or the encounters of individuals that you know as a graphic prologue to the issue. Future aftereffects of the issue can be used as influence for the source of inspiration. Tell customers that you're trying an expected framework and conceivably never them. A difficult that we're targeting fathoming can emerge out of a wide scope of sources, including our lives. &l t;/p> <p>The absolute first issue to do before you begin composing is to truly assemble your thoughts and see how you're probably going to sort out them on paper. Last, don't commit a successive error a lot of understudies make in the closing passage. Now and again, everything is dependent upon this issue. All you will require is a straightforward theme. </p> <h2> The Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics Stories </h2> <p>Speed knocks help reduce the assortment of car crashes. You need perusers to perceive the desperation of the issue and why it should be illuminated. You just need a couple of issues as recollect you don't have a great deal of time and you need to illuminate the issues. The issue is that the body can deliver its own blood to a particular breaking point, so the outside sources are important to assist the creature with recuperating. </p> <h2> Probelm Solution Essay Examples Topics at a Glance</h2> <p>Write a di fficult arrangement article about precisely what you ought to do. The perfect issue arrangement points are intriguing and can be seen from a few viewpoints, however are in like manner not all that wide that a solution for the issue is preposterous to expect to envision. Instances of brilliant collocation incorporate biases a decent preliminary and tackle the troubles. It's conceivable to examine just the difficulty in the body passages and gracefully the solution for them in the end. </p> <p>The web builds the scope of upbeat significant distance connections. Explain to your perusers why your answer is the best choice out of the remainder of the arrangements. Another cure is for grown-ups to decrease their desires. To close, the main long haul solution for the issue of online wrongdoing is more noteworthy global collaboration. </p> <p>All thoughts you may have introduced in your paper should be enveloped with the end. Educators regularly wish to discover what you consider the subject of your article rather than read about master sentiments they definitely know. </p> <p>When earlier conceptualizing is done, you can start drafting your paper. What is important isn't just a demonstration of jotting something, particularly in the event that you don't comprehend what it is that you're writing. The various subjects may be found, for example, in the paper abstracts worldwide database. </p> <p>You're expounding on something which implies something to you. You may need to finish this sort of task in your up and coming life or at work. You should simply mention to the author what kind of an exposition you might want to have and the cutoff time. You're ready to ask a genius write to help you with picking the subject, composing the layout or the whole content and with altering and editing. </p> <p>The IELTS analyst is basically intrigued by your use of language, not in the gauge of your thoughts. On the off chance that you need to get hold of our essayists straightforwardly, you should fill the buy structure. Along these lines, numerous understudies and workers choose to acquire modest paper as opposed to composing it themselves. </p> <p>Well-thoroughly considered structure improves giving point by point directions with the goal that you will determine every likely necessity of your up and coming paper. Here and there understudies create extraordinary proposals to make their papers about, however with respect to explore, they comprehend they won't have the option to find enough proof to help their announcements. </p>

The Insider Secret on Writing Essay for Grad School Discovered

<h1> The Insider Secret on Writing Essay for Grad School Discovered </h1> <h2> Writing Essay for Grad School - What Is It? </h2> <p>In request to focus on various pieces of use material, you may utilize online stages to help level of your paper. On the off chance that you might want to get an examination paper, internet composing administration like our own is actually what you require. On the off chance that you don't have a clue how to reference appropriately and in the event that you don't see how to structure your exposition so it peruses faultlessly, you may be in line to have a genuinely horrendous evaluation. You should specify models for all of the classifications below.</p> <p>Applying to graduate school is only one of the most energizing yet restless occasions throughout someone's life. A doctoral level college affirmation article is a kind of work you can't do very well without some fundamental experience, and most of individuals d on't get a mess of opportunities to work on doing it in their vocation. A graduate school meet thank you letter is a phenomenal way to pass on your thankfulness for a person's ability to commit time letting you achieve an individual or expert goal. Our understudies work to better their networks in different manners, from handling the world's most noteworthy difficulties to being a generally excellent companion. </p> <h2> Things You Won't Like About Writing Essay for Grad School and Things You Will </h2> <p>Reviewing and updating your private proclamation assists with guaranteeing that the piece is clear, sorted out, and absolutely liberated from mistakes. Counsel your editors to furnish you with explicit input on what it is conceivable to change, both elaborately and in fact, to make it considerably progressively effective. Our composing staff is the absolute best in the organization and will gracefully you with a paper that is ensured to create an impact. Ou r composing staff will do anything it can take to ensure your prosperity and will work eagerly to gracefully you with an application exposition that is certain to get the enthusiasm of the confirmations board.</p> <p>As each application article, it's normally written looking like a story, which portrays an encounter you've had and the exercise you've gained from it. So far as paper structure goes, a 4 or 5 section article dependent on the quantity of focuses you should contend is a phenomenal beginning. It isn't easy to plot the paper, as everything is reliant upon the way that your story will go. Creating the perfect paper requests emphasis upon cycle. </p> <h2> The War Against Writing Essay for Grad School</h2> <p>When a few schools may have explicit guidelines, some can give a little piece more opportunity. Numerous projects basically demand that you present an individual explanation without any direction. Consider the alumni program accessible. </p> <p>Graduate schools aren't just choosing understudies, but on the other hand they're picking future diplomats of their program. Awful ones can harm your chances for confirmation. Similarly everybody can say that they're keen on law. </p> <h2> Up in Arms About Writing Essay for Grad School?</h2> <p>At our paper support, articles are constantly conveyed in a short second. It's difficult to choose a help to buy your paper from. A self-evaluation is significant to social event the information you ought to make an exhaustive paper. From that point onward, edit your paper one sentence at once. </p> <p>Review the brief altogether and plan your exposition before you begin writing to verify that you make a paper which will be a compelling and influential extra to your application bundle. Article prerequisites will be not the same as school to class, anyway you will most likely be mentioned to compose 250750 words. At the point when you get a work in progress of your affirmations article, remember it is an unfinished copy. </p> <p>Since the application exposition is fundamental, there is definitely no compelling reason to rush. Readiness and individual reflection are irreplaceable. In this manner, it's no issue for us to create a magnificent master's level college exposition that will help you to pass the application practice. </p> <h2> Writing Essay for Grad School Secrets</h2> <p>Diane appreciates feeling that she is the kind of liberal, sincere individual who's profound and genuine enough to truly have any kind of effect. Your nursing individual articulation should be a window in your life. Most importantly, remember that your master's level college individual proclamation should focus on your triumphs. </p>

Sleep Deprivation in College - Free Essay Example

Sleep deprivation is a huge problem in the nation, even more so in individuals who are in college. People lack sleep tremendously therefore cause many problems in students performance, among those problems the students academic, social, mental and physical state are disrupted by lack of sleep. Sleep is important because it is an essential element we need each night in order for the body to function properly, as like water and food. A lack of sleep causes many problems in the long run and one of those is sleep deprivation, which is a condition when a person doesnt end up sleeping for a good amount of time and it is either acute or chronic. It also affects both physical and mental health which leads to numerous disorders like depression, anxiety, impairment, insomnia, and sleep apnea. A tremendous number of people suffer from sleep deprivation as such others struggle to sleep every night and continue to having the same lifestyle because they do not realize the long term effects. Sleep deprivation leads to many things that are very harsh to deal with especially for those who have jobs or attend school, because being sleep deprived makes it hard for the body and mind to function right and it makes it very hard to focus in general. It seems that lack of sleep has increased over the past year, and is commonly a problem among college students. A majority of college students have irregular sleeping tendencies, because of the different lifestyle among people. College students will stay up late to study for tests and complete homework, therefore it affects their academic improvements in the future. Drinking caffeine late at night, using electronics devices before going to bed, or sleeping late and waking up early are just a few of the cases which cause sleep deprivation. It is important to realize that even if a person has a long life ahead, one must know that lacking sleep can make life short. According to Dr. Dinges from the University of Pennsylvania, indicates t hat individuals than six hours of sleep a night dont necessarily live as long, unlike people who get seven hours or more. This is important because lack of sleep impacts a persons ability to perform physical activities, in addition it affects cognitive function according to (National Institute of Health). The average amount of sleep for eighteen year olds and up is nine hours at a minimum for numerous reasons. Those reasons include brain development, health and performance. Sleep deprived individuals are at risk for numerous things as like depression, emotional problems, impaired cognitive function, decision making and essentially are caused by anxiety, stress, full time student and work, night shifts and multiple jobs. Unfortunately numerous symptoms are derived from sleep deprivation some in which can be overcome and others not so easily. A person who is sleep deprived include a number of symptoms and those symptoms can make it very difficult to perform well at school or at work. First off several symptoms include daytime drowsiness, difficult waking up, in need of frequent naps, headaches, and hallucinations. Sometimes the most difficult thing to do is falling asleep, which brings to another cause of sleep deprivation. A lot of people use electronic devices before going to sleep, yet they have difficult time falling asleep. A study from the University of Harvard showed that using cell phones while sleeping in a dark room brings many problems. As stated blue right can affect your sleep and potentially cause disease(Harvard Health Publishing). This is important because most college students are using cellphones while going to sleep, as such it then leads to sleep disturbances since those blue lights from the electronic device causes the mind to stay awake leading to an inadequate sleep. This shows that most people d ont know the effects of using electronic devices, which is a factor of the cause of sleep deprivation. As stated in the article called Sleep Hygiene which states sleep hygiene involves education and techniques of adaption the reflect appropriate management factors direct and indirect that affect sleep function ( Encyclopedia of Womens Health). Another cause that leads sleep deprivation is insomnia and is essentially when a person is unable to sleep or difficult staying asleep, in addition it is very common, and roughly three million cases per year in the United States are reported. Usually it is tied to stress as well, people are overthinking and stressing out with school, work, other things, that causes for people to build up stress, therefore leading to no sleep and also sleep deprivation. An insufficient amount of sleep of one night or sleep deprivation is the same as being intoxicated, individuals that are sleep deprived dont necessarily function right. For example nights with out sleeping the right amount affects the memory, in other words it harder to remember things, and therefore it affects brain development. There are many people that do not take action about being sleep deprived, and are willing to live their life with very little amount of sleep and that is a big problem since it builds up through time, and causes problems in the long run. It affects their academic performance, work status, and daily lives, because people that are sleep deprived dont live happy since they lack sleep. There is several methods to treat sleep deprivation, but unfortunately not cure it and often times home remedies such as setting up a sleep schedule, avoiding large meals and avoiding using electronics could possibly avoid becoming sleep deprived. In addition other option s is available if nothing changes for the individual. Sometimes visiting a counselor can help with stress, since it leads to sleep deprived, because counselors can help physiologically. The next step would be visiting a therapist or a doctor because they are able to offer guidance and techniques for a better chance to treat those who are sleep deprived. However if visiting the doctor is too much, then there is medical treatment that is available over the counter, like nightquil and prescriptions from the doctor if one is able too, however it is just best to visit a professional so that the best guidance is available. As stated sleep deprivation is most often caused by lifestyle choices and it is necessary for individuals to have a balance schedule and make it a routine. Sleep is an essential element that we all need in in order to function properly, so that one is able to perform their daily routines. There are many options to treat sleep deprivation, but not necessarily cure it and doctors often prescribe medication to deal with sleep deprivation. It is important to always get the right amount of sleep for the body to function properly and to avoid long term problems as depression or anxiety since it is major problem among college students. In conclusion people should seek help since it causes severe problems in the future, especially if nothing is done to treat it. Sleep is an everyday routine that for many individuals it is a problem, different factors influence sleep deprivation, as a result lack of sleep causes many problems in the future.

Purchasing Malcolm X 5th Grade Essay Samples

<h1> Purchasing Malcolm X fifth Grade Essay Samples </h1> <p>The world is controlled by those that are taught and effective. You should not start composing in case you're unsure on what you wish to compose, while it is about occasions, encounters and others. Eventually, it will be critical to wrap everything up and give your crowd a sentiment of culmination. You may likewise choose an individual that you've generally had a troublesome or risky relationship with.</p> <p>If you haven't saw, all of these titles conveys an interesting vibe with it. Try not to disregard to make changes from 1 passage to another to verify that everything streams easily. A brilliant expressive passage is like a window into a different universe. </p> <p>Once you fathom the center thought, you find that it is anything but difficult to impart those thoughts. Understudies ought to be in a situation to impart their plans to appropriate and productive word decision and utilize a choice of various sentence structures. Western guardians are accessible in all assortments. It is desirable over start with great lead and you need to build up the characters and the part. </p> <p>If you have a decent arrangement of intriguing stories to tell, your private article can keep on being fascinating and drawing in for your peruser. You should peruse the papers composed by the individuals who have lived it. Among the most notable types of papers it is vital to get a handle on the best way to think of one. Take a gander at our examples of engaging papers to completely get a handle on the best way to keep in touch with them completely all alone. </p> <p>Look over your article and ensure that there are no linguistic or spelling botches. The proposition articulation is the main thought of the exposition and it communicates what you might want to tell the peruser in a few sentences. The absolute first sentence of the exposition must be sufficiently intriguing to make the peruser read on. Accept our thing of guidance and compose your individual article in 5 passages. </p> <p>It is fundamental for an essayist to concentrate either side of the issue as an approach to discover how to beat counterarguments. At that point you are going to realize how to impart your own supposition on the theme through composed words. As such, you will have an ideal exposition where you're not turning into the uneven mediator. To improve the probability that you genuinely advantage by perusing a model exposition, you should think about your own assessment. </p> <p>To bolster the idea that all the frameworks cover and work toge ther, I utilize precisely the same outline to explain every framework. What's extremely flawless about the planet's framework is it has four major segments or subsystems. The perfect one are accessible in the Encyclopedia Britannica. Start with the presentation part. </p> <p>It licenses you to do things that you can't manage without training. In all probability, the understudies will really enter a play, and it offers everybody a chance to flaunt their particular ability. All exactly the same, regardless of whether Western guardians accept they're being severe, they commonly don't show up near being Chinese moms. </p> <h2> Life After Malcolm X fifth Grade Essay Samples</h2> <p>A test paper for request for employment, for example, is a fitting choice on the off chance that it was utilized by somebody to present an application for a genuine activity. By the finish of unit 3, understudies will be able to form an enticing passage. By the finish of the subsequent week, they will have the option to compose an informative passage. Fifth level understudies use each period of the composing method and keep on developing their comprehension of composing shows. </p> <p>Essays aren't particularly famous with numerous understudies, despite the fact that they do show a great deal of information on the bit of the understudy who composes it. Your presentation ought to likewise be in control of a story proposition. Attempting to a contentious paper when you're learning initial steps, isn't a simple activity to do. My portfolio is a little look at how through even this concise semester my composing has developed.</p> <p>Sierra View is just ready to flexibly the expense based after school program as they don't get ASES award subsidizing. Training is the key to achievement throughout everyday life. 1 understudy inquires as to whether soil is a piece of the geosphere. </p> <h2> The Do's and Don'ts of Malcolm X fifth Grade Essay Samples </h2> <p>Second, ensure that your composing is engaged and clear. It will give you thoughts on what design you will utilize and the manner in which you structure it. Get help with your composition. Before presenting your very own paper, twofold check everything again and be sure that you present the focal subject. </p>

Software Essay Topics - How to Find Best Software

Software Essay Topics - How to Find Best SoftwareMany students find software essay writing software very helpful in composing papers. This software allow them to focus more on the material rather than finding ways to make their essays look like traditional papers. It is highly recommended for people who have trouble writing essays because they are able to write effectively and with good results. Although, there are people who prefer to use different types of programs for essay topics so that they can concentrate on other aspects of writing essays.A student should first decide what type of paper format he wants to use. Writing articles is a common way in which many students take their exams. Some even write dissertations and longer papers. No matter what type of paper you will be using, you must do some research before deciding on a topic.Then you will have to choose from among the topic that you think will be most appropriate for your paper. It is important to determine the relevance of the topic and then pick the topic that will fit your paper topic best. It is also important to consider the overall theme of the essay, because the theme is the foundation that will help in determining the tone of the paper.Another important factor that should be considered in composing your paper is the overall tone of the paper. You need to think about how you want to end the paper and whether you will want to leave out the necessary details or include it. This will depend on whether you want to put your best foot forward or not. This is why you need to write an outline before you start writing.To begin with, you will need to determine the title of your new research paper and the topic that you are writing about. Write out all of these items and discuss them with your fellow classmates so that they can suggest ideas. Then you will be able to find out the most appropriate topic for your paper.The next step in writing a paper for your new project is writing a thesis statement. Y ou need to decide on this topic so that you will be able to focus on writing a decent research paper. One good technique is to use a collocation in a way that does not require any kind of complicated math or mathematics. This is especially helpful for students who are having problems writing their papers and would like to get help from software essay topics.Then you will need to write a general points about your topic in your paper. This is where your topic is defined and then it gives you the outline of your entire paper. Make sure that you have read through all of the outlines carefully and discuss them with your classmates. Since writing an essay is a bit tedious, it is best to study up on software essay topics so that you will be able to write your paper with ease.Good software will allow you to compose a paper without any hassles. This will save you time so that you can focus on other aspects of your studies. You will find that you will have a much better grasp of your subject and this will make your studies easier.

Some Facts About Prxis Source Based Essay Sample

A few Facts About Prxis Source Based Essay SampleA Prxis Source based paper test is perhaps the best asset for first time and middle understudies with regards to the usage of article composing. This sort of paper composing gives understudies and hopeful authors a lot of functional information in this viewpoint and the proficiency of the essayist additionally stays flawless. Also, for every one of these reasons, it isn't amazing that this article composing style is extremely well known among numerous understudies and others.The fundamental motivation behind why this exposition test is exceptionally valuable for many individuals is a result of the distinctive strategy for application. To put it quickly, there are two primary methods of using this kind of exposition. One is by methods for the training expositions which are accessible on the web. Also, the other is through the utilization of the source-based article test that is a kind of a survey exposition, which is essentially made ou t of inquiry and answers.You may be asking why the techniques for application are diverse in various sources. The appropriate response lies in the way that various understudies need various arrangements and along these lines, there must be a particular arrangement that can meet the one of a kind prerequisites of the understudy. There are a few strategies that require various kinds of highlights, for example, writings, pictures and conditions and this is the motivation behind why the application varies from source to source.The Prxis Source Based Essay Sample is accessible in a wide range of sources. One can either search for it on the web or disconnected. Be that as it may, to guarantee the greatest availability of the asset, you can either download it through the web or get it from any of the book shops the world over. The most usually utilized organization for this asset is that of the glimmer player.As referenced before, the source is a blaze player and the upside of utilizing it is that you can undoubtedly discover answers to your inquiries, give a survey and furthermore incorporate your own writings. Along these lines, you don't need to trust that hours will discover a word to compose, download an article composing programming and even hang tight for a few days before the accommodation of the paper. In only couple of moments, you can complete your work and would then be able to disperse it or use it to additionally improve your article composing skills.It is in every case better to think of your considerations first before you record anything, and this is the reason the use of the paper model is basic to your composition. This is on the grounds that you will probably deliver a really unique paper that addresses your issues as an author. What's more, since the procedure is straightforward, you can feel free to look at the applications to perceive how the asset works.Moreover, another generally excellent thing about the Prxis Source Based Essay Sample is th at it will help you in discovering the ideal arrangement of activities to compose the necessary number of papers. What's more, the beneficial thing about this application is that it offers you arrangements that can be applied by your necessities. The activity results and answer designs in this application to give you arrangements that can fill in as rules on the usage of your ideal techniques and way to deal with the same.Thus, we have given you a concise depiction of what this asset accomplishes for you with regards to the execution of exposition composing. This asset is extraordinary compared to other article composing assets accessible on the web today and you can discover numerous different wellsprings of this asset.

Facts, Fiction and Thematic Essay Samples

<h1> Facts, Fiction and Thematic Essay Samples </h1> <p>In case, you feel that it's difficult to make your topical article in time or you don't know you're composing it appropriately utilize our assistance. On the off chance that you wish to find the focal subject of your paper, you ought to get more data related with your theme and limited it down to discover explicit data. At the point when you have adequate information to help a proposal, you need to arrange it accurately. It's fundamental to take note of that you need ton't gracefully any new information in the end, yet just realities that you've just remembered for the article body. </p> <p>The general topic of the discussion is a subject. Having a guide and tests is the least demanding and most sensible intends to form a magnificent paper on any point. Verify that all inquiries were replied. There are specific inquiries which ought to be offered an explanation to end up getting an amazing subject, and most of them concern its general centrality. </p> <p>In general, presentation gives your vital thought. Your blueprint is what is going to control the flood of your thoughts. End the introduction by methods for your theory articulation the fact of the matter you're probably going to make all through the paper, and the rest of the segment of the exposition will be supporting. The absolute first significant thing about composing a topical paper or any kind of exposition, really, is the most appropriate comprehension of the particular thought you're attempting to convey. </p> <p>On the 1 hand, it's simple since you're ready to compose this so rt of paper about any scholarly piece you appreciate. Congrats it seems like you've gotten your absolute first topical paper task! A topic is progressively explicit and is established on the theme. The following phase of composing a topical paper is to become familiar with the reasonable strategy for the best approach to create a topical exposition. </p> <p>you must allow the peruser to retain the significant issues of your creation. Since you may see, the structure is fundamentally the same as other paper types. You, evidently, wish to get a generally excellent evaluation for your topical exposition, and an example can help you with that. </p> <p>Thematic articles are generally to some degree long, so it's not bizarre to get numerous particular sections to discuss loads of unmistakable focuses. A standard article is made of 5 sections. As a rule, a topical article is only a diagram of the chief focuses. At the point when you start composing a topical exposition, it's conceivable to promptly become mixed up in different parts, sources, and contentions. </p> <h2> The Lost Secret of Thematic Essay Samples</h2> <p>Students must rundown the assignments that should be managed. As an approach to create great topical paper understudies of school must be a lot of cognizant with respect to the article diagram. Understudies from different schools and colleges need to make numerous assortments out of paper assignments. </p> <p>Students have occupied existences and much of the time disregard a coming cutoff time. It's fundamental that understudies see exactly what they are foreseen to expound on in the exposition. After the expressed topic, understudies get an errand that they should finish in exposition design concerning the topic. A few understudies make two or even 3 drafts before they might be content with their work, thus they get great imprints. </p> <h2> The Do's and Don'ts of Thematic Essay Samples</h2> <p>To grasp what the core of the article presents, consider the fact that is raised frequently in the book. Quest for a topical paper model that you can run over on the web. For instance, look into article is very well known and it's difficult to make it. Before it is conceivable to begin composing your topical exposition, it's exhorted that you first make a blueprint. </p> <p>At our article support, expositions are constantly conveyed in a concise second. Topical expositions are among such mainstream paper types. They are hard to compose for most understudies. A topical exposition is one which is fixated on one explicit topic. </p> <p>The next issue to examine is the best approach to form a topical exposition. Think about the center component of the book which you're dissecting. Having great exposition models gives the peruser an inside and out and on-the-court thought regarding what a very much organized and cognizant paper seems like. </p>

Writing Research Papers for Researches in the Directory

Composing Research Papers for Researches in the DirectoryStudents are attempting to compose inquire about papers which will have both a scholarly substance and have a scholastic quality. A ton of understudies need to have their papers distributed in an article index yet are not happy with the outcomes that they get. The basic issue that they have is that they don't have a clue how to appropriately join the exposition layout into their exploration paper.It is significant for understudies to examine and set up their examination papers for submitting them to the best catalogs with the goal that their examination papers will be acknowledged. There are many article registries accessible on the web that permit their individuals to have their articles submitted to them. This index is viewed as truly important in light of the fact that it will give them a thought regarding how to deal with the various perspectives recorded as a hard copy an examination paper.Most of the editors and authors w ill reveal to you that to make your exploration papers to stand apart from others, you ought to follow the accompanying advances. There are a few writers who make it exceptionally hard for their peruser by presenting superfluous words which won't help in making their article longer. There are additionally numerous journalists who believe that their articles need to have scholastic norms when in truth there are only a few angles which ought to be forgotten about from the article.Article registry is a fantastic spot to learn and sharpen your examination composing abilities. So as to discover progressively about the article catalog, you can take a gander at the sites of top distributers. These are the trustworthy ones that are recorded in a few distributions over the world.For the author to prevail with regards to composing articles in the article registry, it is significant that he knows his subject quite well. On the off chance that you are not sure enough in yourself recorded as a h ard copy about specific subjects, at that point you might need to visit the audit area of the article index. You can likewise search for composing help from master journalists who are situated in various pieces of the country.The writer needs to list down the most fundamental focuses that he needs to underline in his article with the goal that perusers would effortlessly remember them. Perusing the articles from the article catalog will likewise cause you to understand the significance of offering need to the composed creation. At the point when you can make an exploration paper that will have the option to focus on your composition, at that point it is for sure a decent result.The initial move towards composing an article in the article index is to make a blueprint. You ought to comprehend that article catalogs won't take into account the consideration of numerous superfluous subtleties with regards to your exploration paper. Be that as it may, in the event that you can't bear to a lter the blueprint after creation, at that point you might need to utilize a professional writer to do it for you.For those understudies who are not happy with the advancement they have made in the creative cycle, it is suggested that they search for help from proficient essayists who are situated in the article registry. They are very proficient about the topic and will have the option to control you in your exploration composing process. With their assistance, you will have the option to deliver an elegantly composed, scholastically stable research paper.

Essay Topics For the Fault in Our Stars

Essay Topics For the Fault in Our StarsYou might want to think twice about essay topics for the Fault in Our Stars. Instead of tackling something as serious as the author's illness, you may want to instead think about something that is more lighthearted or humorous. There are plenty of things you can do with this story to make it interesting. Let's look at some options for essay topics for the book.One way you can tackle this subject is to use a bit of humor. This is something you can do easily with one paragraph and one chapter. Take a sentence from the book and ask yourself if it would have been funny if said by someone else. That way you will be able to say something witty and relate to what was said.Another method is to take a moment to highlight the wonderful parts of the story. This could be focusing on one line from the book that relates to your own life. In that way you will be able to write a personal essay.You can also use this as a way to connect with a particular person i n your life. Perhaps you have a friend who has recently become a very successful writer. It can be a good way to connect with them because you'll be writing about someone who is very successful. Remember though that you don't want to use this as a tactic to be mean to your friend.One idea for an essay is to look at the book's subject as an experience. The author wrote this book to help other people feel better about their lives. Try to think about some of the things that have made you feel better about your life. Use this as a topic for your essay, no matter what subject you choose.As you're thinking about topics for your essay, think about what things you would like to relate to in this case. You want to focus on things that will be interesting for you to read about. Make sure you try to come up with topics that you would be comfortable discussing in person.Other essay topics for the Fault in Our Stars book include ones that focus on the main character. Most writers can relate to t his character and this story. Instead of choosing something as serious as the illness of the author, think about how his character comes through with humor and love. You can even go with something more unexpected and humorous like that. A funny story about someone you know is also a great topic for your essay.Remember that essay topics for the Fault in Our Stars may also be based on what you'd like to say about the book itself. You might want to look at different subjects such as the book's positive aspects or the impact it has had on others. This is just one example of some ways you can choose to handle a topic for your essay.

A History of Public Management Essay Samples Refuted

<h1> A History of Public Management Essay Samples Refuted </h1> <p>The dominant part of the universities use the continuous application exposition prompts. Numerous understudies are confused with respect to the article. They may not be comfortable with the complexities included when they choose to purchase an exposition. </p> <p>The first thing which you need to accomplish for composing a great administration research paper is to choose a proper point. A broadly utilized method is summing up the full paper utilizing several sentences. At the point when you're composing a procedure examination article, you should organize the means in the fitting grouping. Presently it's conceivable to acquire premium quality exposition for a fund paper in an auspicious manner. </p> <p>Finally it may be important to demand help from an exposition composing master at whatever point you're at go across streets on where to buy an article that will carry out the responsibility for you. Exposition composing is every now and again an overwhelming assignment to a great deal of people. It is fundamental to buy a paper that that doesn't have any hints of counterfeiting. At the point when you buy an article, verify that it is an exposition that will really assist you with accepting your favored evaluation in that particular course. </p> <h2> What You Should Do About Public Management Essay Samples Starting in the Next Seven Minutes</h2> <p>It is unquestionably not easy to make an administration research paper. A superb diagram will have the option to assist you with arranging your thoughts in legitimate buy. Line dividing of the paper The most real and shrewd strategy to make your content appear to be greater in content, apply the decision of line separating to the whole content. At the point when you buy our educational discourse papers you are guaranteed of accepting papers that convey satisfactory and fitting substance. </p> <p>Educate Yourself College isn't the main region at which you can get training. Your understudy will require an electric lamp and an incredible battery fueled radio with an inversion of batteries as well. </p> <h2>The Argument About Public Management Essay Samples </h2> <p>Utilizing unexpected words probably won't be a technique that is utilized all the time. in any case, it tends to be somewhat a powerful way. Verify that it is sans mistake one of the most regular clarifications for why an application is dismissed is as it is ineffectively composed. The character of the powerlessness and the strength of current controls in alleviating or deflecting the weakness are similarly a significant factor to consider. On the off chance that building a training test sho ws up excessively overwhelming to you, start with recognizing what number of sorts of inquiries there are. </p> <p>While hazard the board can help a business accomplish critical increases, the technique is additionally confronted with specific dangers. Indicating the impact of dangers is a critical advance in hazard organization. Associations are presented to a plenty of particular dangers. Different variables are frequently viewed as while deciding the likelihood of potential weakness. </p> <p>Accordingly, you can distinguish things that are strikingly unique. There are a couple of significant things you need to know. On the other side, old subjects that have been perused and composed on by millions, won't ever grab any eye. The most regular of everything is utilizing significant text dimension. </p> <p>So, whenever you are mentioned to create an intelligent paper, you know that you should voice your assessments, anyway strange they may appear to other people. As an issue of actuality, the absolute best thing isn't to anticipate anything from anyone. The author ought to circumspectly consider the classes to ensure that no criticizing classification is unfathomable. No alternative of subject is provided.</p> <p>Coursework is unquestionably one of the most significant parts of understudies life. Composing instructive discourse papers is regularly a moving endeavor to a few understudies. </p> <p>Students may handily become prevalent journalists and basic scholars by demonstrating the correct composing capacities. It's easy to go over understudies not seeing how to compose school application expositions. Every once in a while, understudies are given the composing errand to do in the gatherings to upgrade their cooperation ability that is required to deal with the serious area. Worker understudies have the ability to change the repetitiveness of school. </p>

Essay For College - Why Are Students Doing It Wrong?

<h1>Essay For College - Why Are Students Doing It Wrong?</h1><p>An exposition for school is significant. A huge level of the candidates to the universities are focusing on those lofty schools. Papers assist them with understanding their wants and intentions and convince them to apply for the said colleges.</p><p></p><p>An noteworthy exposition must be composed with the assistance of those profoundly explored and thoroughly considered thoughts. What individuals generally foul up is that they pick a few sentences and colloquialisms that are simply basic and make no sense.</p><p></p><p>They wind up making passages that are not intelligent in structure. First of all, it is ideal on the off chance that you have the chance to peruse a few articles before hand and watch the right structure of the paper. By watching this, you can without much of a stretch get the style of composing that is suitable for the college.</p>&l t;p></p><p>Students generally compose an article when they are welcomed by the school affirmations officials for the meeting procedure. This is the best open door for you to rehearse on what to compose and how to compose. A decent method to rehearse your sythesis abilities is by taking an example paper and change it.</p><p></p><p>It is hard for first year and upper classmen understudies to compose an exposition for school. Be that as it may, since these are where you invest heavily in your work, you can utilize the privilege tips.</p><p></p><p>One of the most well-known errors that understudies make is they will in general sort their papers. You should ensure that you generally utilize a PC and don't miss even a solitary passage. Since you will type them physically, quite possibly you may miss a word or miss an accentuation mark.</p><p></p><p>As much as could reasonably be expected, abstain from u tilizing awful spelling and language structure. By utilizing the assistance of a word reference and online research, you can without much of a stretch make anintelligent article that seems as though it is made by an expert.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that is suggested is that you generally have new plans to add to your exposition. Don't just depend on what you realized in school. Approach others for proposals on what things they would incorporate and what ought to be excluded from your composed work.</p>

Acquisition Of Natwest By Royal Bank Of Scotland - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3787 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Corporate strategy developers have in the past and today seen Mergers and Acquisitions as an effective tool to foster future growth and create sustainable value. As a norm, companies now aggressively seek and buy compatible businesses to gain from synergetic benefits and strengthen their core business operations, whether that is the Industry of Banking, Pharmaceutical, Information Technology, Construction or Retailing etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Expenditure on acquisitions in the UK by foreign companies increased from  £9.2 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £19.9 billion in quarter one 2008. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Acquisition Of Natwest By Royal Bank Of Scotland" essay for you Create order Expenditure on acquisitions abroad by UK companies decreased from  £25.8 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £15.5 billion in quarter one 2008. Expenditure on acquisitions in the UK by UK companies increased from  £3.2 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £3.6 billion in quarter one 2008. The number of transactions reported for acquisitions in the UK by UK companies at quarter one 2008 is the lowest reported since quarter one 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Source: (https://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ma0608.pdf- on 06-06-2008). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In March 2000, Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) acquired NatWest Bank, a bank three times its size. Shareholders were told that the merger would realise  £1.1 billion in cost savings and income gains. The acquisition of NatWest by the Royal Bank of Scotland has created a larger group which combines scale and financial strength with an innovation and growth culture, and gives us strategic options to create additional value for shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Source:(https://www.rbs.com/media03.asp?id=MEDIA_CENTRE/PRESS_RELEASES/2001/MARCH/RESULTS2000- on 02-06-2008). The perceived motivation drives for this merger and acquisition activity are generally considered to be the acquiring banks desire to increase its return by expanding geographically. This perception is similar to Stewartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s premises of merger motivation. According to the Stewart; the actual motivating forces behind merger should be ones that will: Increase financial performance (net operating profits). Financial benefits through borrowing against the Sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unused debt capacity or against an increase in the consolidated debt capacity (lending capacity for banks). Tax benefits derived from expensing the stepped-up basis of assets acquired or from the use of otherwise forfeited tax deductions or creditsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Stewart, 1991, p 375). 2. BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter aims to discuss various literatures on mergers and acquisitions in order to provide a background for subsequent analysis. The literature identifies several economic and financial theories that justify Merger and Acquisition activity. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature that we use to guide our empirical work. 2.1 DEFINITIONS The interdisciplinary nature of the MA discourse is reflected in the versatile definitions provided in the literature. Some definitions emphasize the organizational context of MA: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mergerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has two meanings in the context of combining organizations. Merger can refer to any form of combination of organizations, initiated by different kind of contracts. The more specific meaning that separates merger from acquisition is that merger is a combination of organizations which are similar in size and which create an organization where neither party can be seen as acquirerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Vaara, 2000, p 82). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The word merger refers to negotiations between friendly parties who arrive at a mutually agreeable decision to combine their companies. In general, mergers reflect various forms of combining companies through some mutuality in negotiationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Fred and Weaver, 2001, p 6). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The word merger is used to mean the combining of two business entities under the common ownershipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Arnold, 2005, p 1041). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In Acquisitions a company buying shares in another company to achieve a managerial influence. An acquisition may be of a minority or of a majority of the shares in the acquired company. An acquisition is recorded on the date of the economic decision (formally agreed) even if the legal issues have not been fully finalised. If subsequent disputes, legal issues or a lack of supervisory approval were to interfere with a completion of the acquisition, it is held not to have been recordedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Eurpean Central Bank, 2000, p 4). 2.2 TYPES OF MERGERS ACQUISITION From the point of view of an economist, there are four main groups of Merger and Acquisition. Horizontal ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In this one firm combines with another in the same line of business. In simple words, a horizontal merger occurs when two competitors combineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 13). Horizontal merger reduces the number of the competitors in the market. Vertical: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A vertical merger is the combination of successive activities in a vertical chain under common coordination and control of a single firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Sudarsanam, 2003, p 140). In simple words, it is a merger between a supplier and the distributor company of the supplies. This is a cost saving merger as well. For example HSBC purchased JP Morganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dollar clearing business in 1996. Congeneric: This involves related enterprises but not producers of the same product (as in horizontal merger) or firms in producer supplier relationship (as in vertical merger). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An example is when Lloyds Bank acquired Cheltenham and Gloucester in 1995 mostly to acquire its mortgage business, which is related to but different from retail bankingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Source: (https://www.lloydstsb.com/about_ltsb/lloyds_bank.asp à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 04-05-2008) Conglomerate: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A conglomerate merger is the combining of two firms which operate in unrelated business areas. Some conglomerate mergers are motivated by risk reductions through diversification; some by the opportunity for cost reduction and improved efficiency, others have more complex driving motivationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Arnold, 2002, p 870). For example in 1996, Royal Bank of Scotland was expected to take control of Charles Church. 2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW- THEORIES OF MA There are might a number of motives that might play a role in merger activity, like efficiency, growth , synergy, financial and tax benefits, shareholders exploration, but two of the most often cited motives for mergers and acquisitions are faster growth and synergy. All these strategic motives shall be discussed in this part of the proposal for the better understanding of merger and acquisition. 2.3.1 Efficiency Theory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The efficiency theory says that mergers occur because they improve the combined firms, operations, for example, by letting superior managers assume control, by exploiting cost reducing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“synergiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or complementarities in the partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations, or by taking fuller advantage of scale of economies and risk spreading opportunities, among other things in securing capitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Ravenscraft and Scherer, 1987, p 211). In simple words, efficiency is an improvement in the utilization of existing assets that enables the combined firm to achieve lower costs in producing a given quantity and quality of goods and services. 2.3.2 Managerial Motives or Managerial Perspectives Takeovers can also arise because of the agency problem that exists between shareholders and managers, whereby managers are more concerned with satisfying their own objectives than with increasing the wealth of shareholders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The motive behind some acquisitions may be to increase managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ pay and power. Managers may also believe that the larger their organization, the less likely it is to be taken over by another company and hence the more secure their jobs will become. Take overs made on the grounds have no shareholder wealth justification since managers are likely to increase their own wealth at the expense of the shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Watson and Head, 2006, p 317). 2.3.3 Shareholders Expropriation The important motive behind the consolidation has been maximization of shareholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wealth. In the neo-classical prospective, this mean that the incremented cash flows from the decisions, where discounted at the appropriate discount rate should yield positive or zero net present value. Under uncertainty, the discount rate is the risk-adjusted rate with a market determined risk premium for risk. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Draper and Paudyal (1999) found that shareholders in the target businesses benefits substantially from takeover activity, particularly where they are given the option to receive either cash or shares in the bidder as the consolidation. It seems that the bidderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shareholders do not suffer from merger. They also found that the benefits to target shareholders have declined in the recent past. Bruner (2004) argued that the approach taken by many of the studies based on US takeovers were flawed in that the research results were unduly influenced b y a relatively small number of failures that involved particularly large businesses. He claimed that all takeovers benefit target shareholders and the overwhelming majority benefit bidder shareholders as well.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (McLaney, 2005, p 395). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Shleifer and Summers suggest a number of other motives for mergers and acquisitions in which shareholders may gain at the expense of other stakeholders. For example, some target firms may seek acquirers to escape financial problems or to break unfavourable labour contracts. Other firms may seek leveraged purchases of their targets to increase the surviving firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk- return profile at the expense of existing debt holdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Shlfeifer and Summer, 1988, p 33). 2.3.4 Financial and Tax Benefits Whether tax motives are an important determinant of MAs. Certain studies have concluded that acquisition may be an effective means to secure tax benefits. Gilson, Scholes and Wolfson have set forth the theoretical framework demonstrating the relationship between such gains and MAs. They assert that for a certain small fraction of merger, tax motives could have played a significant role. Moreover, whether the transaction can be structured as a tax-free exchange may be a prime determining factor in whether to go forward with a deal. Sellers sometimes require tax free status as a prerequisite of approving a deal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the U.K the rules are more strict for taxes; the losses incurred by the acquired firm before it becomes part of the group cannot be offset against the profit of another member of the group. The losses can only be set against the future profits of the acquired company. Also that company has to continue operating in the same line of businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Arnold 2005, p 1052). 2.3.5 Growth / Market Power Theory One of the most fundamental motives for MAs is growth. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Companies seeking to expand are faced with a choice between internal or organic growth and growth through MAs. Internal growth may be a slow and uncertain process. Growth through MAs may be a much more rapid process. If a company seeks to expand within its own industry, they may conclude that internal growth is not an acceptable alternative, for example, if a company has a window of opportunity that will remain open for only a limited period of time, slow internal growth may not suffice. As the company grows slowly through internal expansion, competitors may respond quickly and take market share. The only solution may be to acquire another company that has a resource, such as established offices, and facilities, management and other resources, in placeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 117). Some mergers may result in market power which redounds to the benefits of the merging firms. George Stigler argued that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“such an effect might have been a primary motivation for many of the mergers and acquisitions during the last quarter of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. He called the 1887-1904 merger wave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“merger for monopolyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and the 1916- 1926 wave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“merger for oligopolyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Stigler, 1968, p 23). 2.3.6 Synergy Theory This refers to the fact that the combined company can often reduce duplicate departments or operation, lowering the costs of the company relation to the same revenue stream, thus increasing profit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The two main types of synergy are operating synergy and financial synergy. Operating synergy comes in two forms: revenue enhancement and cost reduction. These revenues enhancements and efficiency gains or operating economies may be derived in horizontal or vertical mergers. Financial synergy refers to the possibility that the cost of capital may be lowered by combining one or more companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 124). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial synergies result in lower cost of capital by lowering the systematic risk of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment portfolio through an investment in an unrelated businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Trautwein, 1990, p 283). Below the list of reasons has been provided that are initiating consolidation in the form of merger and acquisitions in the U.K banking industry. Competition from building societies. New entrants into saving markets. New technology and the internet. Competition from the overseas banks. Government Policies. Economies of scale scope. Managing branch networks. 2.4 MERGER AND ACQUISITIONS: BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS Lumby and Jones identified four key benefits and five draw backs of mergers and acquisitions as follows: 2.4.1 BENEFITS 2.4.1.1 Speed: An acquisition allows the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s newly formed strategy to be implemented rapidly. Through organic growth it will take the company much longer to reach the same level of business activity. 2.4.1.2 Critical mass: The Company is able to immediately achieve the critical mass of assets and activity levels that might be needed to obtain the operating economies of scale that exist in the chosen business area. At the early stages of organic growth into a new business area, the operating economies enjoyed by large competitors will not be achievable; so putting the developed business activity at a significant competitive cost disadvantage, from which further progress may not be possible. 2.4.1.3 Own-paper financing: An acquisition can be made without impacting on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cash resources or on its liquidity, by financing it with an issue of new equity called the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"own-paperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In contrast, organic growth will require the expenditure of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cash and credit resources. 2.4.1.4 Intellectual assets: In addition to the tangible assets of the acquired company, an acquisition will also bring with it intellectual assets such as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"know-howà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and business contacts of the management team, the skills of the workforce and its trading reputation. With organic growth, these may have to be developed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in-houseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ over time. In spite of the identified benefits, mergers and acquisitions have the following significant drawbacks as stated by Lumby and Jones: 2.4.2 DRAWBACKS 2.4.2.1 Risk: Mergers and acquisitions have a significant risk of high-cost failure attached. This is because an acquisition represents a single, very large investment, which if it turns out to be a mistake, then the business will have lost a substantial amount of its value. 2.4.2.2 Acquisition premium: Most acquisitions require the payment of an acquisition premium in order to persuade shareholders of the target company to sell their shares. This means that the acquiring company will be paying more than the economic worth of the company. 2.4.2.3 Steep learning curve: The acquiring company will have to rapidly learn how to manage an unfamiliar business and they may not necessarily be successful in doing so. In contrast, the slower pace of organic growth allows the management far more time in which to learn the range of new skills required to successfully manage the new business area. 2.4.2.4 Post-acquisition problems: Acquisitions could lead to a clash of management cultures between those of the acquired company and the acquiring company. This will often lead to key members of the acquired company leaving post-acquisition, resulting in the loss of vital intellectual capital. This may not be the case with organic growth. 2.4.2.5 Coinsurance effect: In an acquisition where either the predator company or/and the target company has debt financing, then there is the risk of a post-acquisition wealth transfer from the shareholders to the debt holders. (Lumby, 2003). 3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This Proposal has been built upon the analysis of the mergers and acquisition of banks in the U.K, like the acquisition (takeover of NatWest by Royal Bank of Scotland) in 2000. In this research my effort is to attempt and cover all important issues related to Mergers and Acquisition, like what causes, and initiates a merger or an acquisition, the benefits accrue to the company, its employees and customers etc, and native aspects of MA. This research investigates into the roots and causes of ever increasing consolidation activity and tries to critically evaluate merger and acquisition. Another aim of the proposal is to study the expectations of the stakeholders of the banks in the U.K, and the effect a merger or an acquisition has on them. Three stakeholders, namely, shareholders, employees and customers shall be studied in detail with the help of the case study. As according to the Schweigher: MAs basically aim at enhancing the shareholders value or wealth, the results of several empirical studies reveal that on an average, MAs consistently benefit the target company shareholders but not the acquirer company shareholders. A majority of corporate mergers fail. Failure occurs on average, in every sense, acquiring firm stock prices likely to decrease when mergers are announced; many acquired companies sold off; and profitability of the acquired company is lower after the merger relative to comparable non-merged firms. Consulting firms have also estimated that from one half to two-thirds of MAs do not come up to the expectations of those transacting them, and many resulted in divestituresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (Schweiger, 2003, p 71). The conclusion from this case study support my hypothesis that, whether stakeholders benefit from the merger and acquisition, because on the one hand, sometimes the merger and acquisition is beneficial for shareholders of the merging /or acquiring bank. On the other hand, employees are left worse-off following job cuts and redundancies. 4. STATEMENT OF DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY In order for the aims and objectives of the research to be fulfilled, it is essential to expand an understanding of the reason for growing tendency amongst banks in United Kingdom to pool together and the advantages of this pooling. The design of this project shall follow the deductive approach, like questionnaire, and the inductive research or the internal research will focus on interviews with the Managers and staff and customers of Royal Bank of Scotland and NatWest. In this regards, it is not an easy task to get an interview from the managers or the members of staff, but I shall try my best to do so. The external research will be carried out through the readings of books, journal and published data. Another difficult thing was access to annual reports, but I have already got the annual reports of both banks. The theory, annual reports and different analysistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reports on the concepts of mergers and acquisitions shall be critically reviewed and thereafter compared and contrasted with facts gathered from the case study to confirm or disprove existing knowledge. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative data shall be analysed to make desired recommendations and conclusion. (UWIC Guidelines, Red Book is read carefully). 5. SOURCES AND ACQUISITION OF DATA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Research can be done through books, as everyone knows, as only some knows; it can be done by letters. It can also be performed through Conversationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Watson, 1999, p 52). Sources of data adopted for this project include both secondary and primary data. A secondary data source enables a better understanding and explanation of the research problem. The literature review is a type of the secondary data, it involves the review of earlier studies on and around the research topic. Other secondary data includes the books on Finance, Mergers and Acquisitions, Strategy, journals, annual reports, analysistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reports and different online resources like web pages of Royal Bank of Scotland and NatWest bank, should be used. In addition to the secondary data stated above, primary data sources shall equally be utilised to gather data directly from the key players in the merger and acquisition process. This shall include the use of questionnaires and personal interviews with managers and members of staff of RBS and NatWest. The interviews must be focused on the research area and not delve into alternative areas. (UWIC Guidelines, Red Book is been studied thoroughly). METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is the most difficult part of the project. Data analysis is the process of applying statistical, systematic and logical techniques, comparing the data and managing it. During the project both the qualitative and quantitative data will require analysis. In order to determine how well a company has performed in delivering stakeholders value, we need to make a comparison with its past performance. The first annual figures for The Royal Bank of Scotland Group following the acquisition of NatWest show the enlarged Group made a profit before tax, goodwill amortisation and integration costs of  £4,401 million on a pro forma basis for the year to 31 December 2000, an increase of 31 per cent. The period analysed would be broken into following categories. 1999 The Pre-acquisition period. 2000 The Announcement and bidding period. 2001 The Post acquisition period. The analysis shall cover some expense ratios, profitability ratios and balance sheet ratios. The expense and profitability ratios shall be used to analyse efficiency and profitability during the pre- and post-acquisition periods, while the balance sheet ratio shall be used to analyse changes that may have occurred that might have affected efficiency or profitability. Timetable    Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Problem Identification                               Review of Literature                         Research Design                      Choice of Methodology                      Data Sources                   Data Collection                      Data Analysis                         Draft Writing                   Editing                                  Final Documentation                            Binding Submission                                  REFERENCES Books: Arnold, G, 2005, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Financial Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 3rd edition, England, Prentice Hall, p 1041 1052. Arnold, G, 2002, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Financial Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 2nd edition, Great Britain, PrinticeHall, p 870. Fred W. J and Weaver S. C, 2001, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Merger and Acquisitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 1st edition, Los Angeles, McGraw-Hill Professional, p 6. Gaughan P. A, 2007, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Merger, Acquisition, and Corporate Restructuringsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 4th edition, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons, Inc, p 13, 117 124. Gilson R, Scholes M. S and Wolfson M. A, 1988, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Taxation and Dynamics of Corporate Controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 1st edition, New York, Oxford uni press, p 273. McLaney, E, 2005, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Business Finance, Theory and Practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 7th edition, U.K, Pearson Education, P 395. Ravenscraft D. J and Schere F. M, 1987, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mergers, Sell-offs, Economic Efficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Washington D.C, Brookings Institution Press, p 211. Red Book, UWIC Guideline. Stewart, G.B, 1991, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Quest for Value, A guide for senior Managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, New York, Harper Business, p 375-382. Sudarsanam, S, 2003, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Creating Values from Mergers and Acquisitions-The Challengesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, England, Pearson Education Limited, p 140. Watson, G, 1999, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Writing A Thesisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 1st edition, New York, Pearson Education Ltd , P 52 Watson, D and Head, A, 2006, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Finance, Principles and practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 4th edition, U.K, PrinticeHall, p 317. Journals: Stigler G, (1968) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Monopoly and Oligopoly by Mergerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, American economic Review (1968) by the organisation of industry, Vol 40, No 2, May, p 23-34. Trautwein F, (1990), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Merger Motives and Merger Prescriptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), Vol 11, No 4, May/June, p 283, by John Wiley sons. Shleifer. A and Summer, L. H (1988), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Breach of Trust in Hostile Takeovers; from Corporate Take over: Causes and Consequences, P 33-67, The University of Chicago Press. Vaara, E, (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Constructions of Cultural differences in post-merger change process: a sense making perspective on Finnish-Swedish casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. [emailprotected]/* */@gement Vol 3, no3: p 82. Schweiger, D.M, (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“MA Integration: A Framework for Executives and Managers,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Book Summary by Niranjan Swain, in The ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance, Vol 9, No 2, p 71-79. Articles (Electronic): European Central Bank, (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mergers and acquisitions involving the EU banking industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Available from, (www.ecb.eu/pub/pdf/other/eubkmergersen.pdf -accessed on 12-05-2008. Powell, C, (2008), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mergers and acquisitions involving UK companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, First Release, P 1, Available from (https://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ma0608.pdf, accessed on 06-06-2008). Websites: https://www.rbs.com/media03.asp?id=MEDIA_CENTRE/PRESS_RELEASES/2001/MARCH/RESULTS2000- accessed on 02-06-2008 https://www.lloydstsb.com/about_ltsb/lloyds_bank.asp- accessed on 04-05-2008.

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